In the short term, the biggest downside risk from the dramatic drop in oil prices to gas supply is associated with gas production – largely from unconventionals in the US, argues energy consultancy firm Wood Mackenzie.
However, it’s not an instantaneous effect as oil prices are still generally above variable wellhead operating costs, adds Wood Mac.
As companies reduce oil drilling, associated gas production growth, particularly in the Permian, will slow. Wood Mackenzie’s Genscape estimates that by the end of the year, US gas production would be 0.9 billion cubic feet per day (cfd) lower than pre-crash estimates.
This could be exacerbated through 2021, with more flexibility in drilling reductions. Genscape estimates end of 2021 production could be 3.1 billion cfd lower than pre-crash forecasts of 90.5 billion cfd.
The majority of global liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects are mainly supplied from non-associated gas and Wood Mackenzie expects little direct impact on LNG supply in the short to medium term.
Wood Mac research director Giles Farrer said “The greater risk to supply is pre-FID investments. Record LNG supply investments last year and plunging LNG spot prices this year were already testing the appetite of LNG project developers to sanction new LNG projects in 2020. But the drop in oil price will make these decisions more complicated.”
Farrer adds that the lower oil prices will present a number of consequences for the sector. “These include restricted capital investment budgets, reduced appetite for financing LNG projects with exposure to oil prices.
US LNG projects selling on a Henry Hub-plus basis will also be perceived as less competitive than oil-indexed LNG, adds Farrer.
“As a result, there will be fewer LNG projects taking FID in 2020 and 2021. Projects in Mozambique, Mauritania/Senegal and Australasia will come under pressure. This is likely to translate into lower global supply between 2024 and 2027.
“However, we expect that Qatar, which has low fiscal breakevens and an ambition to grow LNG market share long term, will continue to push forwards with its North Field expansion plans,” said Farrer
In Asia, the fall in oil prices will start to affect pricing of gas under long-term contracts from late 2020. This could start to have a major impact on the competitiveness of gas in major Asian markets like Japan and South Korea.
Sustained lower oil prices will substantially lower the price of gas for consumers, which have been at a premium to hub-priced gas in recent times. This could make gas competitive with coal in Japan and South Korea and encourage coal-to-gas switching in the power sector.
Wood Mackenzie senior manager Miaoru Huang said “For China, at an oil price of $35/bbl, contracted LNG arrives at a cost lower than domestic wholesale price benchmarks.”
She adds that while there is strong incentive for NOCs to retain the benefits to compensate for years of import losses, the import cost reduction will be partially passed through to downstream and will allow the government to push through its policy of lowering gas prices to end users.
“This will help coronavirus-affected businesses to resume operations but stimulating new coal-to-gas switching will require further policy support even under a low oil price environment.”
But in other markets, gas demand will come under pressure from oil as a competing fuel. Notably in India, a lower oil price could slow the shift from oil to gas in the industrial sector, as both long and spot LNG prices will compete with fuels like heating oil, LPG and naphtha.
European gas demand and flows will face little impact from even a sustained oil price collapse. Oil-indexed Russian pipeline contracts now account for less than 25 per cent of Gazprom’s portfolio and, regardless, the current market share strategy is unlikely to change.
Algerian pipeline contracts into Spain remain fully oil-indexed and have been sitting at take-or-pay levels. If oil prices remain low, Spanish buyers would take more Algerian piped volumes.
This would not become a possibility until October 2020 due to the lag on the contract, but in 2021 it would reduce the space for LNG into Spain by 2 billion cubic metres, placing even more pressure on the oversupplied LNG market.
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